Просмотр кода страницы Haplogroup Z

{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name         = Z
| origin-date  = 21,661.6 [95% CI 13,280.8 <-> 30,042.4] ybp<ref name = "Behar2012">Doron M. Behar, Mannis van Oven, Saharon Rosset, Mait Metspalu, Eva-Liis Loogväli, Nuno M. Silva, Toomas Kivisild, Antonio Torroni, and Richard Villems (2012). "A ‘‘Copernican’’ Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 90, 675–684 (April 6, 2012). DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002.</ref><br/><br/>24,900 [95% CI 15,900 <-> 34,400] ybp<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /><br/><br/>25,300 (95% CI 20,300 <-> 31,200) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />
| TMRCA =
| origin-place = [[Central Asia]]
| ancestor     = [[haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|CZ]]
| descendants  =
| mutations    = 152 6752 9090 15784 16185 16260<ref name="vanOven">{{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|pmid=18853457 |s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}
In [[human mitochondrial genetics]], '''Haplogroup Z''' is a [[human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup]].
[[File:Eurasian frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup Z.png|thumb|Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup Z in Eurasia]]

==Origin==
Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in [[Central Asia]], and is a descendant of [[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|haplogroup CZ]].

==Distribution==
The greatest clade diversity of haplogroup Z is found in [[East Asia]] and [[Central Asia]].  However, its greatest frequency appears in some peoples of [[Russia]], such as [[Evens]] from [[Kamchatka]] (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total) and from [[Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic]] (3/15 Z1a3, 1/15 Z1a2a, 4/15 = 26.7% Z total), and among the [[Sami people|Saami]] people of northern [[Fennoscandia]]. With the exception of three Khakasses who belong to Z4,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> two Yakut who belong to Z3a1,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> two Yakut, a Yakutian Evenk, a Buryat, and an Altai Kizhi who belong to Z3(xZ3a, Z3c),<ref name = "Fedorova2013">Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, ''et al.'', "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127</ref> and the presence of the Z3c clade among populations of Altai Republic,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> nearly all members of haplogroup Z in North Asia and Europe belong to subclades of Z1. The TMRCA of Z1 is 20,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 34,000] ybp according to Sukernik ''et al.'' 2012,<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> 20,400 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 33,800] ybp according to Fedorova ''et al.'' 2013,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> or 19,600 [95% CI 12,500 <-> 29,300] ybp according to YFull.<ref name = "YFull" /> Among the members (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z7) of haplogroup Z, Nepalese populations were characterized by rare clades Z3a1a and Z7, of which Z3a1a was the most frequent sub-clade in Newar, with a frequency of 16.5%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Basnet |first1=Rajdip |last2=Rai |first2=Niraj |last3=Tamang |first3=Rakesh |last4=Awasthi |first4=Nagendra Prasad |last5=Pradhan |first5=Isha |last6=Parajuli |first6=Pawan |last7=Kashyap |first7=Deepak |last8=Reddy |first8=Alla Govardhan |last9=Chaubey |first9=Gyaneshwer |last10=Das Manandhar |first10=Krishna |last11=Shrestha |first11=Tilak Ram |last12=Thangaraj |first12=Kumarasamy |date=2022-10-15 |title=The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z |journal=Human Genetics |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z |pmid=36242641 |s2cid=252904281 |issn=0340-6717|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Z3, found in East Asia, North Asia, and MSEA, is the oldest member of haplogroup Z with an estimated age of ~ 25.4 Kya.<ref name=":0" />  Haplogroup Z3a1a is also detected in other Nepalese populations, such as Magar (5.4%), Tharu, Kathmandu (mixed population) and Nepali-other (mixed population from Kathmandu and Eastern Nepal).<ref name=":0" /> S6).  Z3a1a1 detected in Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, India, Thai-Laos and Vietnam trace their ancestral roots to China with a coalescent age of ~ 8.4 Kya<ref name=":0" />

Fedorova ''et al.'' 2013 have reported finding Z* (xZ1a, Z3, Z4) in 1/388 Turks and 1/491 Kazakhs. These individuals should belong to Z1* (elsewhere observed in a Tofalar), Z2 (observed in Japanese), Z7 (observed in the Himalaya), Z5 (observed in Japanese), or basal Z* (observed in a [[Blang people|Blang]] individual in [[Northern Thailand]]).<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />

==Subclades==

===Tree===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Z subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''<ref name="vanOven" /> and subsequent published research.

* Z
** Z* – Thailand ([[Blang people|Blang]] in Chiang Rai Province)<ref name = "Kutanan2016">Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." ''Hum Genet'' 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.</ref>
** Z-T152C! (TMRCA 24,300 [95% CI 19,300 <-> 30,300] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
*** Z-T152C!* – Hong Kong
*** Z1 (TMRCA 18,600 [95% CI 10,900 <-> 29,500] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
**** Z1a – Koryak, Buryat, Kalmyk, [[Mongols in China|Mongol]] ([[Hinggan League|Hinggan]], [[Hulunbuir]], [[Xilingol League|Xilingol]]<ref name = "He2023">Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. ''J Syst Evol'', 2023, 61(1): 230-250.</ref>), Khakas, Shor, Altai Kizhi, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Turk, Arab (Uzbekistan) (TMRCA 7,600 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 10,900] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
***** Z1a1 – Italy, Hungary (ancient Avar), Germany, Sweden, Kazakh, Uyghur, Buryat (TMRCA 5,600 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 10,900] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
****** Z1a1a – Khakas,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Nogai,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Udmurt,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Russia ([[Krasnodar Krai]],<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> etc.), Abazin,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Cherkessian,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Finland, Norway, Sweden,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Estonia, Ukrainian<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />
******* Z1a1a* – Norway ([[Vest-Agder]], [[Aust-Agder]]),<ref name = "YFull" /> Finland,<ref name = "YFull" /><ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Sami ([[Västerbotten County|Västerbotten]],<ref name = "Ingman2007" /> [[Norrbotten County|Norrbotten]]<ref name = "Ingman2007" />), Komi,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Russia ([[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]),<ref name = "Ingman2007" /> Ket (lower Yenisey River basin)<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> 
******* Z1a1a1 – Russia ([[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]<ref name="Ingman2007" />)
******* Z1a1a2 – [[Udmurts|Udmurt]]<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />
******* Z1a1a3 – Russia ([[Chelyabinsk Oblast]],<ref name="Ingman2007">{{cite journal |author1=Max Ingman |author2=Ulf Gyllensten |year=2007|title= A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=15 |pages= 115–120 |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/pdf/5201712a.pdf |issue=1|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201712 |pmid=16985502|s2cid=21483916 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Novgorod Oblast]]<ref name = "Malyarchuk2017">Malyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." ''Forensic Sci Int Genet'' 30, 51-56 (2017).</ref>), Poland<ref name = "YFull" />
******* Z1a1a4 – Finland ([[Eastern Finland Province]]), Estonia ([[Rapla County]])<ref name = "YFull" />
****** Z1a1b – Evenk (Sakha Republic),<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Dolgan<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />
******* Z1a1b* – Nganasan (Taimyr Peninsula),<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> Yukaghir (lower Indigirka River basin<ref name = "Sukernik2012" />), Even ([[Batagay-Alyta|Sakkyryyr]],<ref name = "Duggan2013">Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, ''et al.'' (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570</ref> Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />), Evenk (Iengra River basin,<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> [[Nyukzha]] river basin<ref name = "Duggan2013" />)
******* Z1a1b1
******** Z1a1b1* – Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast){{fact|date=March 2021}}
******** Z1a1b1a – Uyghur
***** Z1a2 (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 2,400 <-> 10,400] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
****** Z1a2* – Ulchi (lower Amur River basin)<ref name = "Sukernik2012" />
****** Z1a2a – Itelmen,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Koryak<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />
******* Z1a2a* – Even (Kamchatka),<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin)<ref name = "Sukernik2012" />
******* Z1a2a1
******** Z1a2a1* – Even (Kamchatka,<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> [[Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic|Berezovka]]<ref name = "Duggan2013" />)
******** Z1a2a1a – Even (Kamchatka),<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> Evenk (village of Nelkan by the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region)<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /><ref name = "Sukernik2012" />
***** Z1a3 (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,850 <-> 6,500] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
****** Z1a3* – Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin),<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> Even ([[Tomponsky District|Tompo District]],<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic<ref name = "Fedorova2013" />), Evenk (Nyukzha River basin<ref name = "Duggan2013" />), Yakut (central Yakutia)<ref name = "Duggan2013" />
****** Z1a3a
******* Z1a3a* – Even (Kamchatka)<ref name = "Duggan2013" />
******* Z1a3a1 – Yukaghir<ref name = "Duggan2013" /> (lower Kolyma River basin<ref name = "Sukernik2012" />), Even ([[Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic|Berezovka]]<ref name = "Duggan2013" />)
****** Z1a3b – Even ([[Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic|Berezovka]]<ref name = "Duggan2013" />), Yakut
***** Z1a4 (TMRCA 5,500 [95% CI 3,200 <-> 9,000] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
****** Z1a4* – Uyghur,<ref name = "YFull" /> Tubalar,<ref name = "Sukernik2012">Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050</ref> Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast){{fact|date=March 2021}}
****** Z1a4a – Uyghur<ref name = "YFull">YFull MTree 1.01.5396 as of April 4, 2019.</ref>
**** Z1b – Tofalar<ref name = "Starikovskaya2005">Elena B. Starikovskaya, Rem I. Sukernik, Olga A. Derbeneva, Natalia V. Volodko, Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini, Antonio Torroni, Michael D. Brown, Marie T. Lott, Seyed H. Hosseini, Kirsi Huoponen, and Douglas C. Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2005) 69, 67–89. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x</ref>
***** Z1b1 (G251A) - Tofalar (Karagas) from Alygdzher, [[Barga Mongols|Barghut]]
*** Z2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, [[Chūbu region|Chūbu]]-[[Hokuriku region|Hokuriku]],<ref name = "Yamamoto2020" /> [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]],<ref name = "Yamamoto2020" /> ''etc.'') (TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 1,450 <-> 8,400] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
*** Z3 – China (Shanghai,<ref name = "YFull" /> [[Mishmi people|Dengba]], Xinjiang Uyghur, etc.), Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand ([[Isan people|Lao Isan]] in [[Chaiyaphum Province]]<ref name = "Kutanan2016" />), Vietnam, Uyghur, Evenk (Sakha Republic), [[Mongols in China|Mongol]] ([[Hohhot]], [[Tongliao]], [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]], [[Chifeng]], [[Jiangsu]]<ref name = "He2023" />), Buryat, Kalmyk, Altai Kizhi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik, Azerbaijan, North Ossetian, Romania, USA (TMRCA 15,836 [SD 4,397] ybp<ref name = "Behar2012" />)
**** Z3a – China ([[Mongols in China|Mongol]],<ref name = "He2023" /> [[Sibe people|Xibo]], [[Deng people|Deng]], ''etc.''), Kazakh<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 18,000] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
***** Z3a1
****** Z3a1a
******* Z3a1a - Nepal (Newar, Magar, Tharu, Eastern Nepal, Kathmandu)<ref name=":0" />
******* Z3a1a* – Lachungpa,<ref name="Chandrasekar2009" /> Lepcha<ref name="Chandrasekar2009" />
******* Z3a1a1 – China<ref name = "YFull" />
******* Z3a1a2 – [[Galo tribe|Gallong]],<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009" /> Dirang Monpa,<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009">Chandrasekar A, Kumar S, Sreenath J, Sarkar BN, Urade BP, ''et al.'' (2009), "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor. ''PLoS ONE'' 4(10): e7447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447</ref> Thailand ([[Northern Thai people|Khon Mueang]] in [[Mae Hong Son Province]]<ref name = "Kutanan2016" />), Vietnam ([[Hani people|Hà Nhì]])
****** Z3a1b – Yakut<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /><ref name = "Lippold2014">{{cite bioRxiv |author1=Sebastian Lippold |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences |biorxiv=10.1101/001792}}</ref><ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3a2 – Lachungpa<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009" /><ref name = "YFull" />
****** Z3a2a – Lachungpa<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009" /><ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3a3 – Thailand ([[Palaung people|Palaung]] in [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Lawa people|Lawa]] in [[Mae Hong Son Province]])<ref name = "Kutanan2016" /><ref name = "YFull" />
**** Z3b – Deng,{{fact|date=March 2021}} Gallong<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009" /> (TMRCA 8,400 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 21,500] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
**** Z3-G709A – Yakut,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> China (Han from Henan<ref name = "YFull" />)
***** Z3c – Altaian,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Altai Kizhi,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Iran, China (Kyrgyz from Tashkurgan,<ref name = "Peng2017">Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, ''et al.'' (2017), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8</ref> [[Mongols in China|Mongol]] from [[Tongliao]],<ref name = "He2023" /> etc.<ref name = "YFull" />), Cambodia ([[Siem Reap province|Siem Reap]]),<ref name = "YFull" /> Vietnam, Japan<ref name = "FTDNA" />
***** Z3d – China<ref name = "FTDNA" /> (Han, Daur, Mongol from [[Hulunbuir]], ''etc.''), Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.''), Singapore,<ref name = "YFull" /> Korea,<ref name = "FTDNA" /> Japan ([[Chūbu region|Chūbu]]-[[Hokuriku region|Hokuriku]],<ref name = "Yamamoto2020">Kenichi Yamamoto, Saori Sakaue, Koichi Matsuda, Yoshinori Murakami, Yoichiro Kamatani, Keiichi Ozono, Yukihide Momozawa, and Yukinori Okada, "Genetic and phenotypic landscape of the mitochondrial genome in the Japanese population." ''Communications Biology'' (2020) 3:104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0812-9. www.nature.com/commsbio</ref> [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]]<ref name = "Yamamoto2020" />), Mongolia,<ref name = "FTDNA">[https://discover.familytreedna.com/mtdna/Z/tree Haplotree for mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Z at FamilyTreeDNA Discover]</ref> Kyrgyzstan<ref name = "YFull" />
**** Z3+G11696A – China,<ref name = "YFull" /> Korea<ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3+G11696A+C16380T - China<ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3+G11696A+T454C - China<ref name = "YFull" />
**** Z3+T8227C – China<ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3+T8227C+A13629G - China<ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3+T8227C+T4363C - Korea<ref name = "YFull" />
****** Z3+T8227C+T4363C+A12996G - China (HGDP [[She people]])<ref name = "YFull" />
******* Z3+T8227C+T4363C+A12996G+T773C - Pakistan (HGDP [[Hazara people|Hazara]])<ref name = "YFull" />
**** Z3g (Z3+G7337A) - Japan,<ref name = "FTDNA" /><ref name = "YFull" /> Kazakhstan ([[Jetisu|Jetisuu]])<ref name = "YFull" />
**** Z3+A13105G! - China ([[Barga Mongols|Barghut]] from Inner Mongolia)<ref name = "YFull" />
***** Z3+A13105G!+A13434G - China (Han from Henan, etc.<ref name = "YFull" />)
*** Z4 – China (Suzhou, [[Mongols in China|Mongol]] in [[Shandong]],<ref name = "He2023" /> ''etc.''), Thailand ([[Phuan people|Phuan]] in [[Suphan Buri Province]]<ref name = "Kutanan2016" />), Philippines, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,<ref name = "YFull" /> Kalmyk,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Khakas,<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> Karanogai<ref name = "Fedorova2013" /> (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,200 <-> 22,800] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />)
**** Z4a – China (Han from Hunan and Denver, [[Mongols in China|Mongol]]<ref name = "He2023" /> from Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Daur, Japan (Tokyo)
***** Z4a1 – China (Han from Wuhan, [[Mongols in China|Mongol]] from [[Baotou]] and [[Xilingol League|Xilingol]]<ref name = "He2023" />)
****** Z4a1a – China (Han from Hunan and Yunnan), Vietnam
******* Z4a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), South Korea
*** Z7 – Dirang Monpa,<ref name = "Chandrasekar2009" /> Tibet ([[Tingri County|Tingri]],{{fact|date=March 2021}} Shannan<ref name = "Ji2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Ji | first1 = Fuyun | last2 = Sharpley | first2 = Mark S. | last3 = Derbeneva | first3 = Olga | display-authors = etal  | year = 2012| title = Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans | journal = PNAS | volume = 109 | issue = 19| pages = 7391–7396 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1202484109 | pmid=22517755 | pmc=3358837| bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.7391J | doi-access = free }}</ref>) (TMRCA 1,750 [95% CI 275 <-> 6,200] ybp<ref name = "YFull" />), Nepal (Newar)<ref name=":0" />
*** Z8*  – Nepal (Newar)<ref name=":0" />
** Z5 – Japan (Aichi)

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)}}
*[[Genealogical DNA test]]
*[[Genetic genealogy]]
*[[Human mitochondrial genetics]]
*[[Population genetics]]
*[[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups]]

{{MtDNA}}

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
*General
**Mannis van Oven's [https://www.phylotree.org Phylotree]
*Haplogroup Z
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/z_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Z]
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/z2_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Z2]
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/z3_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Z3]
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/z4_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Z4]
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/z7_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Z7]
**YFull MTree's [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/Z/ Haplogroup Z]
**MITOMAP's [https://mitomap.org/cgi-bin/haplo_distribution?hg=Z Haplogroup Z]
**FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/Z Haplogroup Z]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060320203132/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm008 Spread of Haplogroup Z], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''

[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|Z]]
[[Category:Genetics|mtDNA]]