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The '''agricultural weed syndrome''' is the set of common traits which make a plant a successful agricultural [[weed]].<ref name="Baker-1974" /><ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /><ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Wedger | first1=Marshall J. | last2=Olsen | first2=Kenneth M. | title=Evolving insights on weedy rice | journal=[[Ecological Genetics and Genomics]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=7-8 | year=2018 | issn=2405-9854 | doi=10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.005 | pages=23–26| doi-access=free }}</ref> Most of these traits are not, themselves, [[phenotype]]s but are instead methods of rapid [[adaptation]]. So equipped, plants of various origins - invasives, natives, mildly successful marginal weeds of agriculture, weeds of other settings - accumulate other characteristics which allow them to compete in an environment with a high degree of human management.<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013">{{cite journal | last1=Vigueira | first1=C C | last2=Olsen | first2=K M | last3=Caicedo | first3=A L | title=The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution | journal=[[Heredity (journal)|Heredity]] | publisher=[[The Genetics Society]] ([[Nature Research|Nature]]) | volume=110 | issue=4 | date=2012-11-28 | issn=0018-067X | doi=10.1038/hdy.2012.104 | pages=303–311| pmid=23188175 | pmc=3607111 }}</ref>

Nonetheless, some of the syndrome traits are themselves phenotypic.<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />

==Syndrome traits==
* Rapid [[plant growth|growth]]<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />
* Efficient use of [[nutrient]]s<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />
* [[Seed dormancy]]<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /><ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" />
* Effective [[seed dispersal]], often more aggressive [[shattering (agriculture)|shattering]]<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />
* [[Vavilovian mimicry]]<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /> including introgression of crop alleles if there are nearby crop relatives<ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" />
* [[Herbicide resistance]]<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />
* Short [[biological life cycle|life cycle]]<ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" />
* High [[fertility]]<ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" />

Some of these are the opposite of [[domestication traits]].<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />

==Evolution==
Insufficient information is available as to the exact contribution of [[mutation]]s, particular [[Mutation#Classification of types|mutation types]], pre-existing [[genetic diversity]], specific genes, and [[introgression]] to syndrome acquisition. It is also unknown whether we can discern the genetic signatures of adaptation to different weed management regimes from different times.

In some cases domestication alleles may produce weeds that are weedier than the wild parent they were derived from. For example, California wild radish is weedier and more aggressive than ''[[Raphanus raphanistrum]]'', despite being merely a combination of ''R. raphanistrum'' and ''R. raphanistrum'''s own subspecies [[radish|''R. r. sativus'']].

Pre-existing allelic variety which suddenly became more adaptive when the cultivated environment appeared likely has contributed to the success of ''[[Amaranthus tuberculatus]]'', ''[[Amaranthus palmeri|A. palmeri]]'', ''[[Lolium rigidum]]'' and ''[[Ipomoea purpurea]]'' especially their quick development of herbicide resistance.

On the other hand, novel mutations may be the source herbicide resistance in ''[[Echinochloa crus-galli]]'' and ''[[Echinochloa oryzicola|E. oryzicola]]'', whose worldwide combined populations have developed resistance to nine [[modes of action]].

Some weeds are themselves the descendants of [[crop]]s, while some are unrelated to any cultivated species.<ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" /> The origins of those arising from cultivars are variously better and worse understood: Weedy ''[[Helianthus annuus]]'' is well understood as wild/cultivar hybrids, weedy ''[[Secale cereale]]'' and ''O. sativa'' as purely feral crops, ''[[Beta vulgaris]]'' weeds are highly studied although some further analysis is called for, and at the other end of the spectrum lie ''[[Sorghum halepense]]''<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /> and weedy races of ''[[Sorghum bicolor|S. bicolor]]'',<ref name="Mizzou-WeedID">{{cite web | title=Shattercane | website=Mizzou WeedID // Weed ID Guide // University of Missouri | url=http://weedid.missouri.edu/weedinfo.cfm?weed_id=315 | access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /> weedy congeners of cultivated ''S. bicolor'' with complicated interbreeding histories that have yet to be untangled.<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /> Recently ({{as of|2020|lc=yes}}) [[teosinte]]s have begun invading [[Spain]] and [[France]]. DNA testing of [[Spanish teosinte]] shows it to be intermediate between [[Zea mays subsp. mays|''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'']] and [[Zea mays subsp. mexicana|''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mexicana'']].<ref name="Corre-et-al-2020-bundle">
{{Unbulleted list citebundle
|{{cite journal | last1=Aguirre-Liguori | first1=Jonás A. | last2=Ramírez-Barahona | first2=Santiago | last3=Gaut | first3=Brandon S. | title=The evolutionary genomics of species’ responses to climate change | journal=[[Nature Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | volume=5 | issue=10 | date=2021-08-09 | issn=2397-334X | doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01526-9 | pages=1350–1360 | s2cid=236968585 | pmid=34373621}}
|{{cite journal | last1=Le Corre | first1=Valérie | last2=Siol | first2=Mathieu | last3=Vigouroux | first3=Yves | last4=Tenaillon | first4=Maud I. | last5=Délye | first5=Christophe | title=Adaptive introgression from maize has facilitated the establishment of teosinte as a noxious weed in Europe | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|NAS]] | volume=117 | issue=41 | date=2020-09-28 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.2006633117 | pages=25618–25627 | s2cid=222156184 | pmc=7568241 | pmid=32989136 | id=<small>(VLC [[ORCID]]: [http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-7795 0000-0001-6515-7795]) (MS [[ORCID]]: [http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2743-0986 0000-0003-2743-0986]) (YV ORCID: [http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-6040 0000-0002-8361-6040]) (MIT ORCID: [http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-3678 0000-0002-0867-3678]) (CD ORCID: [http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-3530 0000-0003-3290-3530])</small>}}
}}
</ref>

==Genes==
* Antioxidant pigmentation:
** ''{{visible anchor|Rc}}'' in ''[[Oryza rufipogon]]'' and its [[weedy rice]] descendants.
* Shattering:
** ''{{visible anchor|sh4}}'' in ''O. rufipogon'' and its [[weedy rice]] descendants, including some new alleles of similar function but entirely new origin.
* Germination temperature:
** Unknown in weedy rice.
* Vavilovian mimicry:
** ''{{visible anchor|SD1}}'' alleles conveying shorter stature, slower growth, and earlier flowering, introgressed from ''O. sativa'' cultivars into weedy rice. (May or may not be adaptive, not actually confirmed.)
* Herbicide resistance:
** Various genes identical to genetically engineered domesticated ''O. sativa'' introgressed into weedy rice.
** Codon deletion in ''{{visible anchor|PPX2L}}'' in ''A. tuberculatus''.
** Various alleles of ''ALS'' - the [[acetolactate synthase]] gene - in a variety of species.
** The same [[amino acid substitution]] in all 43 [[genus|genera]] {{as of|2012|lc=yes}} which have [[triazine resistance]].

Some of these are the same genes as domestication traits, but with alleles of opposite effect.<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" />

==Example species==
''[[Polygonum aviculare]]'', ''[[Plantago lanceolata]]'', ''[[Spergularia rubra]]'', ''[[Senecio vulgaris]]'', ''[[Poa annua]]'',<ref name="Baker-1974">{{cite journal | last=Baker | first=Herbert G | title=The Evolution of Weeds | journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1974 | issn=0066-4162 | doi=10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000245 | pages=1–24}}</ref> weedy rice, ''[[Sorghum]]'' weeds including ''S. halepense''<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /> and weedy races of ''S. bicolor'',<ref name="Mizzou-WeedID" /> weedy ''Helianthus annuus''.<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013" /><ref name="Wedger-Olsen-2018" />

==See also==
* [[Domestication syndrome]] both in animals and plants

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture]]
[[Category:Domestication]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Syndromes in plants]]
[[Category:Weeds]]

Agricultural weed syndrome - История изменений

Admin: 1 версия импортирована

ru>Jjdewikieditor5 в 12:31, 3 октября 2025