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{{See also|Autogamy|Inbreeding depression|Selfing}}{{Technical|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Autogamy_Depression.png|thumb|368x368px|The expected [[Genotype frequency|genotypic frequencies]] of novel mutations from autogamous crosses and geitonogamous crosses.]]
'''Autogamy depression''' can be defined as the "lowered viability of [[autogamous]] progeny relative to [[geitonogamous]] progeny".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schultz|first1=Stewart T.|last2=Scofield|first2=Douglas G.|date=2009-08-01|title=Mutation Accumulation in Real Branches: Fitness Assays for Genomic Deleterious Mutation Rate and Effect in Large-Statured Plants|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/600100|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=174|issue=2|pages=163–175|doi=10.1086/600100|pmid=19548838|s2cid=44831908|issn=0003-0147|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Viability has also been evaluated in terms of percent fruit set or seed set rather than reproductive [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]] of the progeny.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bobiwash|first1=K.|last2=Schultz|first2=S. T.|last3=Schoen|first3=D. J.|date=October 2013|title=Somatic deleterious mutation rate in a woody plant: estimation from phenotypic data|url= |journal=Heredity|language=en|volume=111|issue=4|pages=338–344|doi=10.1038/hdy.2013.57|issn=1365-2540|pmc=3807267|pmid=23778990}}</ref> The experimental design for observing the occurrence of autogamy depression is called an "autogamy depression test" which has been described by researchers as analogous to a test for [[inbreeding depression]].<ref name=":0" /> The ability for fitness of autogamous progeny to differ from geitonogamous progeny comes from the understanding that plants can accumulate heritable mutational variation through both [[mitotic division]] and [[meiotic division]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Cruzan|first1=Mitchell B.|last2=Streisfeld|first2=Matthew A.|last3=Schwoch|first3=Jaime A.|date=2018-08-16|title=Phenotypic Effects of Somatic Mutations Accumulating during Vegetative Growth|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392175v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|article-number=392175|doi=10.1101/392175|s2cid=91989903|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Because plants have [[indeterminate growth]], the [[apical meristems]] that contribute to the development of the reproductive structures of a plant have the potential to undergo continual mitosis resulting in the accumulation of [[somatic mutation]]s (acquired mutations).<ref name=":0" /> It has been demonstrated through research that long lived plants can have higher per generation mutation rate (based on occurrences of more mitotic cell divisions compared to short lived plants).<ref name=":1" /> Any deleterious mutations that appear during mitotic growth are filtered out through cell lineage selection, in which deleterious mutations that are subject to [[developmental selection]] during mitotic growth are replaced by vigorous cell lineages, however, somatic mutations that are not expressed will not be subject to selection during growth of the plant and will accumulate in the apical meristem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Cruzan|first=Mitchell B.|title=Evolutionary biology: a plant perspective|date=11 September 2018|isbn=978-0-19-088268-6|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|oclc=1050360688}}</ref>

== Phenotypic effects of somatic mutations ==
There is evidence of the [[phenotypic]] effects of somatic mutations in increased [[chlorophyll]] mutants of some long-lived plants. Chlorophyll mutants are inherently easy to observe because of the phenotypic effects of the chlorophyll mutations. Because of the highly conserved nature of [[photosynthetic]] processes, these chlorophyll mutation rates can be generalized to most [[angiosperm]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klekowski|first1=Edward J.|last2=Godfrey|first2=Paul J.|date=August 1989|title=Ageing and mutation in plants|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/340389a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=340|issue=6232|pages=389–391|doi=10.1038/340389a0|bibcode=1989Natur.340..389K|s2cid=4248482|issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Somatic mutations accumulating during vegetative growth have also been found to affect the fitness of seedlings in the next generation.<ref name=":3" />

== Expectations of autogamy depression test ==
Individual crowns are treated as "independent [[mitotic]] mutation-accumulation lines"<ref name=":0" /> and so the appearance of deleterious somatic mutations in the autogamous crosses will be [[heterozygous]] or [[homozygous]] at the same locus (~25% homozygous)<ref name=":2" /> and the appearance of deleterious somatic mutations in the geitonogamous crosses will be heterozygous.<ref name=":0" /> The autogamy depression can be calculated through the simple equation AD = 1 − (wa/wg), where AD is the autogamy depression, wa is the fitness of the autogamous progeny and wg is the fitness of the geitonogamous progeny. When the fitnesses are equal the AD is 0. The difference can be calculated by the equation D = wg − wa.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Plant reproduction]]

Autogamy depression - История изменений

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