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{{Short description|Domestication of new species}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''De novo'' domestication}}
'''''De novo'' [[domestication]]''' is a process where new [[species]] are genetically altered to meet [[human]] needs, such as [[agriculture]] or [[pet|companionship]]. It is performed both by farmers and scientists, and can be done through traditional [[selective breeding]] or modern [[genetic engineering|biotechnological methods]]. Targets for ''de novo'' domestication are often species that have never been under cultivation, but may also include [[crop wild relative|wild relatives]] of already domesticated species.

==Definition==
''De novo'' domestication refers to the process by which wild species are intentionally transformed into domesticated varieties.<ref name="fernieandyan">{{cite journal |last1=Fernie |first1=A.R. |last2=Yan |first2=J. |title=De novo domestication: an alternative route toward new crops for the future |journal=Molecular Plant |date=2019 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=615–631 |doi=10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.016 |pmid=30999078 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The majority of domesticated species has been under domestication for millennia, with the first [[animal]], the [[dog]], having been under domestication for between 40,000-30,000 years, and the first [[plant]]s since the start of the [[Neolithic Revolution]], approximately 12,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irving-Pease |first1=E.K. |last2=Ryan |first2=H. |last3=Jamieson |first3=A. |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=E. A. |last5=Larson |first5=G. |last6=Frantz |first6=L. A. |title=Paleogenomics: genome-scale analysis of ancient DNA |date=2019 |pages=225–272}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Purugganan |first1=M. D. |last2=Fuller |first2=D. Q. |title=The nature of selection during plant domestication |journal=Nature |date=2009 |volume=457 |issue=7231 |pages=843–848|doi=10.1038/nature07895 |pmid=19212403 |bibcode=2009Natur.457..843P }}</ref> This initial process of domestication is hypothesized to have been a passive process, resulting from the subconcious selection of individuals performing better in agricultural contexts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doebley |first1=J. F. |last2=Gaut |first2=B. S. |last3=Smith |first3=B. D. |title=The molecular genetics of crop domestication |journal=Cell |date=2006 |volume=127 |issue=7 |pages=1309–1321|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006 |doi-access=free |pmid=17190597 }}</ref> The scientific field of ''de novo'' domestication seeks to domesticate new species in an accelerated manner as opposed to over the course of thousands of years, as more domesticated species may provide an advantage to humanity, especially in agriculture.<ref name="fernieandyan" /> Newly domesticated crop species may allow for alternatives to [[extensive farming|agricultural extensification]] in regions where yields are plateauing, make agricultural systems more resilient to [[climate change]], and increase the sustainability of agriculture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=D. K. |last2=Ramankutty |first2=N. |last3=Mueller |first3=N. D. |last4=West |first4=P. C. |last5=Foley |first5=J. A. |title=Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation |journal=Nature Communications |date=2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1293|doi=10.1038/ncomms2296 |pmid=23250423 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3.1293R }}</ref><ref name="lambeinpea" >{{cite journal |last1=Lambein |first1=F. |last2=Travella |first2=S. |last3=Kuo |first3=Y. H. |last4=Van Montagu |first4=M. |last5=Heijde |first5=M. |title=Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): orphan crop, nutraceutical or just plain food? |journal=Planta |date=2019 |volume=250 |issue=3 |pages=821–838|doi=10.1007/s00425-018-03084-0 |pmid=30719530 |bibcode=2019Plant.250..821L |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-8599247 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="dehaanperennial">{{cite journal |last1=DeHaan |first1=L. |last2=Larson |first2=S. |last3=López-Marqués |first3=R. L. |last4=Wenkel |first4=S. |last5=Gao |first5=C. |last6=Palmgren |first6=M. |title=Roadmap for accelerated domestication of an emerging perennial grain crop |journal=Trends in Plant Science |date=2020 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=525–537|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.004 |doi-access=free |pmid=32407693 |bibcode=2020TPS....25..525D }}</ref>

It is important to note that ''de novo'' domestication does not only happen in a scientific context, but that the active domestication of new species is also performed by farmers, especially in the [[Global South]]. The collection and subsequent agricultural integration of traditionally wild-gathered food plants still happens to this day, and also constitutes ''de novo'' domestication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bharucha |first1=Z. |last2=Pretty |first2=J. |title=The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=365 |issue=1554 |pages=2913–2926 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0123 |pmid=20713393 |pmc=2935111 }}</ref>

The [[terminology]] in the scientific field of domestication is improperly standardized, with the same term meaning different things to different scientists.{{cn|date=June 2024}} This means that in some cases, ''de novo'' domestication is solely used for species that have no history of domestication, while in other cases, it can be used to describe further studies into [[neglected and underutilized crop|semi-domesticated crops]], which already have gone through (early) stages of domestication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=J. |last2=Yu |first2=H. |last3=Li |first3=J. |title=De novo domestication: retrace the history of agriculture to design future crops |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |date=2023 |volume=81 |article-number=102946 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102946 |pmid=37080109 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0958166923000563|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==In plants==
The study of ''de novo'' domestication is most prevalent in plants, due to the implications new [[crop]]s may bring to agriculture. There are two potential applications to the study of ''de novo'' domestication in [[plant sciences]]: the introduction of novel crops into agricultural systems and the redomestication of wild relatives of conventionally domesticated crops.<ref name="fernieandyan"/>

===Novel species===
[[File:Thinopyrum intermedium first year nursery.JPG|thumb|A nursery in a project aiming at the ''de novo'' domestication of ''[[Thinopyrum intermedium]]'' (intermediate wheatgrass), a perennial grain.]]
The introduction of novel species into agricultural systems has the potential to radically alter their workings. One set of candidates for ''de novo'' domestication are [[perennial grain]]s, cereal crops that can be harvested for multiple seasons after planting, as opposed to the [[annual plants|annual grains]] that dominate agriculture.<ref name="Wagoner_1990">{{cite journal| vauthors = Wagoner P, Schaeffer JR |date=1990-01-01|title=Perennial grain development: Past efforts and potential for the future |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences|volume=9|issue=5|pages=381–408|doi=10.1080/07352689009382298 |bibcode=1990CRvPS...9..381W }}</ref> The successful ''de novo'' domestication of a perennial grain would drastically reduce the need for yearly [[plowing]], seedling protection and energy spent on reaching maturity, thus decreasing environmental impact and labour use.<ref name="dehaanperennial"/> The ''de novo'' domestication of [[tropics|tropical]] [[fruit tree]]s is suggested to be able to help address 14 out of 17 of the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] set by the [[United Nations]], either directly or indirectly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leakey |first1=R. R. B. |title=Multifunctional Agriculture: Achieving sustainable development in Africa |date=2017 |publisher=Academic Press |pages=417–420}}</ref>

===Redomestication===
Another use for ''de novo'' domestication is the redomestication of wild relatives of domesticated crops. Through millennia under selection, most domesticated crops have undergone many [[genetic bottleneck]]s, drastically reducing their [[genetic diversity]], and thus the ability to breed in new traits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smýkal |first1=P. |last2=Nelson |first2=M. N. |last3=Berger |first3=J. D. |last4=Von Wettberg |first4=E. J. |title=The impact of genetic changes during crop domestication |journal=Agronomy |date=2018 |volume=8 |issue=7 |page=119 |doi=10.3390/agronomy8070119 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Meanwhile, these bottlenecked crops have been spread over the entire world, and are often grown in areas with [[climate]]s that differ significantly from their [[Vavilov center|genetic center of origin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drewnowski |first1=A. |last2=Popkin |first2=B. M. |title=The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet |journal=Nutrition Reviews |date=1997 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=31–43|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x |pmid=9155216 |hdl=2027.42/72461 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Redomestication of crop wild relatives may offer a solution to long-term, repetitive plant breeding projects seeking to integrate wild relative [[DNA]] from the center of origin into established [[hybrid seed|hybrid]] [[cultivar]]s.<ref name="fernieandyan"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pisias |first1=M. T. |last2=Bakala |first2=H. S. |last3=McAlvay |first3=A. C. |last4=Mabry |first4=M. E. |last5=Birchler |first5=J. A. |last6=Yang |first6=B. |last7=Pires |first7=J. C. |title=Prospects of feral crop de novo redomestication |journal=Plant and Cell Physiology |date=2022 |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=1641–1653 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pcac072 |pmid=35639623 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article-abstract/63/11/1641/6593352&hl=nl&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=1&d=13588771655170095677&ei=pkw2ZqiiDorSy9YPnN2NoAw&scisig=AFWwaeYm1zh6Mgj4R0BPSgcF12XI|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanak |first1=T. |last2=Janjić |first2=J. |last3=Hay |first3=F. R. |last4=Brinch-Pedersen |first4=H. |title=Genome editing to re-domesticate and accelerate use of barley crop wild relatives |journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |date=2023 |volume=7 |article-number=1331577 |doi=10.3389/fsufs.2023.1331577 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is especially relevant for crops that are reproductively incompatible with their wild relatives through processes such as [[polyploidization]], such as [[Taxonomy_of_wheat#Ploidy_level|hexaploid wheat]], where integration of wild relative DNA through traditional breeding projects is difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeibig |first1=F. |last2=Kilian |first2=B. |last3=Özkan |first3=H. |last4=Pantha |first4=S. |last5=Frei |first5=M. |title=Phenotyping and identification of target traits for de novo domestication of wheat wild relatives |journal=Food and Energy Security |date=2024 |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=e497 |doi=10.1002/fes3.497 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==In animals==
[[File:L. Trut and domestic Fox-1974.jpg|thumb|[[Lyudmila Trut]] with a [[domesticated silver fox]], 1974]]
The ''de novo'' domestication of animals has less scientific traction than that of plants, but one notable project is that undertaken by the [[Russia]]n [[Institute of Cytology and Genetics]] to domesticate the [[fox]].<ref name="Trut (1999)">
{{cite journal
|last1=Trut |first1=Lyudmila
|title=Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment
|year=1999
|journal=[[American Scientist]]
|volume=87 |issue=2 |page=160
|doi=10.1511/1999.2.160 |jstor=27857815
|bibcode=1999AmSci..87.....T
}}</ref> This project aimed to study the [[theory of evolution]] and [[domestication syndrome]] by attempting the domestication of foxes, but was not primarily aimed at providing a new domesticated animal.<ref name="Trut (1999)"/> ''De novo'' domestication of fish, either in the ornamental [[aquarium trade]] or for the purposes of [[pisciculture]] is also ongoing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teletcha |first1=F. |title=Domestication level of the most popular aquarium fish species: is the aquarium trade dependent on wild populations |journal=Cybium |date=2016 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=21–29 |url=https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/2-Teletchea%20%5B401%5D21-29.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vandeputte |first1=M. |last2=Gagnaire |first2=P. A. |last3=Allal |first3=F. |title=The European sea bass: a key marine fish model in the wild and in aquaculture |journal=Animal Genetics |date=2019 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=195–206|doi=10.1111/age.12779 |pmid=30883830 |pmc=6593706 }}</ref>

==In fungi==
[[Fungiculture]], the cultivation of fungi such as mushrooms, has historically been less important than [[horticulture]] or [[animal husbandry]] in providing food for humans. Mushrooms were often gathered from the wild, but the knowledge to do so has largely disappeared in the [[Global North]] due to lifestyle changes and [[urbanization]], prompting an increased need for mushroom cultivation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grimm |first1=D. |last2=Wösten |first2=H. A. |title=Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=2018 |volume=102 |issue=18 |pages=7795–7803 |doi=10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8 |pmid=30027491 |pmc=6132538 }}</ref> As a result, many fungi were ''de novo'' domesticated, such as [[snow fungus]] (1866), [[oyster mushroom]] (1917), and [[milky white mushroom]] (1974).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. P. |last2=Mishra |first2=K. K. |title=Mushroom Cultivation |journal=Plant Pathology |date=2008 |url=https://nsdl.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/599/1/mushroom%20cultivation%20-%20Formatted.pdf}}</ref> A fungus that has been notoriously difficult to bring under cultivation is [[white truffle]], and projects to ''de novo'' domesticate it are running.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zambonelli |first1=A. |last2=Iotti |first2=M. |last3=Puliga |first3=F. |last4=Hall |first4=I. R. |chapter=Enhancing White Truffle (Tuber magnatum Picco and T. Borchii Vittad.) Cultivation Through Biotechnology Innovation |title=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops |journal=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops: Volume 10: Leaves, Flowerheads, Green Pods, Mushrooms and Truffles |date=2021 |pages=505–532 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_14 |isbn=978-3-030-66968-3 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_14}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Genetic manipulation]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Domestication]]
[[Category:Selection]]
[[Category:Breeding]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]

De novo domestication - История изменений

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