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{{short description|Study of the alteration of DNA by protein complexes}}

'''Dynamical genetics''' is a subfield of [[molecular biology]] and [[genetics]] that studies phenomena in which physiological [[protein complex]]es alter [[DNA]]. The study of such mechanisms is important because they promote useful functions, for example the [[V(D)J recombination|immune system recombination]] (on the [[ontogeny|individual scale]]) and [[chromosomal crossover]] (on the [[evolution]]ary scale). Furthermore, when such mechanisms malfunction, diseases such as [[Neurodegenerative disease|neurodegenerative disorders]] are caused.

Typical examples of dynamical genetics subjects are:
*[[The Sherman paradox|Dynamic mutations]], a term introduced by Robert I. Richards and [[Grant Robert Sutherland|Grant R. Sutherland]]<ref name="pmid9397685">{{cite journal |author1=Richards RI |author2=Sutherland GR |authorlink2=Grant Robert Sutherland |title=Dynamic mutation: possible mechanisms and significance in human disease |journal=Trends Biochem. Sci. |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=432–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9397685 |doi=10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01108-0}}</ref> to indicate [[mutation]]s caused by other mutations; this phenomenon often involves the [[variable number tandem repeats]],<ref name="Fonzo">{{cite journal |last1=Fonzo |first1=VD |last2=Bersani |first2=E |last3=Aluffi-Pentini |first3=F |last4=Parisi |first4=V |title=DNA quadruplexes and dynamical genetics. |journal=Medical Hypotheses |date=July 2001 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=103–11 |doi=10.1054/mehy.2001.1291 |pmid=11421636}}</ref> and is closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases, as the [[trinucleotide repeat disorders]] (interpreted by [[Anita Harding]]).
*Dynamic genome, a term introduced by [[Nina Fedoroff]] and David Botstein to indicate the [[Transposon|transposition]] discovered by [[Barbara McClintock]].
*Immune [[V(D)J recombination]] (discovered by [[Tonegawa Susumu|Susumu Tonegawa]]) and [[Antibody#Class switching|isotype class switching]], two terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies.
*[[Horizontal DNA transfer]] (discovered by [[Frederick Griffith]]), which indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms.
*Crossing-over (discovered by [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]) mediated by formation and unwinding (by means of peculiar enzymatic complexes such as [[helicase]]) of uncommon four-helix DNA structures known as [[G-quadruplex]]es (discovered by Martin Gellert, Marie N. Lipsett, and David R. Davies).

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Genetics]]

Dynamical genetics - История изменений

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ru>OlliverWithDoubleL: short description, links, reworded sentences for clarity