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{{Short description|Scientific statement on races}}

The '''Jena Declaration''' is a scientific statement that questions and refutes the concept of human "[[Race (biology)|races in a biological sense]]". It was published in September 2019 at the 112th Annual Meeting of the [[German Zoological Society]] (Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft) in Jena. The statement was written by leading scientists from the fields of [[Evolution|evolutionary research]], [[genetics]] and [[zoology]], and was instrumental in influencing the [[Legislature|legislative amendment]] to remove the term "Rasse" (roughly "race in a biological sense") from the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German constitution]].<ref name="Max Planck Man">[https://www.shh.mpg.de/1909574/jenaer-erklaerung-update Jena Declaration Contributes to Amendment of German Constitution]. Max Planck Institute for the History of Man, accessed 23 June 2023..</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachrichten Informationsdienst Wissenschaft |date=2019-09-10 |title='Human races' do not exist |url=https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2019/09/10/human-races-do-not-exist |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=nachrichten.idw-online.de |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref name="Witting-2020">{{Cite web |last=Witting |first=Volker |date=June 13, 2020 |title=Germany's heated debate over 'race' in the constitution – DW – 06/13/2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/race-has-no-place-in-the-german-constitution-or-does-it/a-53790056 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> With this statement, the Institute for Zoology and Evolutionary Research at [[University of Jena|Friedrich Schiller University Jena]] explicitly distances itself from its 20th century predecessors, especially from the controversial scholar and evolutionary biologist [[Ernst Haeckel]], who was closely associated with the University of Jena and whose ideas of [[racism]] and [[eugenics]] are today considered scientifically untenable and morally reprehensible.<ref>[https://www.mdr.de/wissen/bildung/menschenrassen-gibt-es-nicht-100.html mdr.de: ''Jenaer Forscher: Menschenrassen gibt es nicht''] ''| MDR.DE.'' Accessed 6 July 2023.</ref>

== Content ==
The authors of the statement, [[Martin S. Fischer]], [[Uwe Hoßfeld]], [[Johannes Krause]] and [[Stefan Richter]] examined the issue of alleged human "[[Race (biology)|races]]" from a [[Biology|biological]] perspective. They clarified that this concept has no [[Science|scientific]] justification. Scientific studies of genetic variation within and between human populations showed that the biological concept of "race" was a typological construct based on arbitrarily selected physical [[Quality (philosophy)|characteristics]] and did not reflect the actual [[genetic diversity]] of the human species.<ref name="Max Planck Geoanthropology-2019">{{Cite web |last=Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology |date=2019-09-10 |title=Jenaer Erklärung |url=https://www.shh.mpg.de/1464654/jenaer-erklaerung |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.shh.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref>

The Jena Declaration affirms that there are no "races" in the biological sense in humans, since the genetic variation within human [[Population|populations]] is often greater than the genetic variation between these populations. Only in [[Domesticated animal|domestic animals]] the [[Genetic distance|genetic similarity]] within a breed is actually greater than between breeds. Moreover, genetic differences between populations are continuous, as humans [[Travel|travelled]] long before major explorations and voyages of conquest by Europeans, creating links between populations that were geographically distant from each other. External characteristics such as [[Human skin color|skin colour]], used for [[Classification (general theory)|typological classifications]] or in everyday racism, are very superficial and rapidly changing [[Adaptation|biological adaptations]] to local conditions. In the human [[genome]], for example, there is not a single difference among the 3.2 billion base pairs that separates Africans from non-Africans. So not only is there not a single gene that accounts for "racial" differences, there is not even a single [[base pair]].<ref name="Max Planck Geoanthropology-2019" />

The authors conclude that the concept of human "races" is the result of [[racism]] and not its precondition. Its use in scientific literature and social discourse often leads to misunderstandings and reinforces prejudice and discrimination. They therefore call for the term "race" to be discontinued in relation to people, except in [[History|historical]] or [[Political sociology|socio-political]] contexts where it should be understood as a [[Social constructivism|social construction]] rather than a biological [[reality]]. They argue that the use of the term in relation to people creates a false idea of genetically separate groups and that it is important to debunk this [[myth]] in order to combat racism.

They conclude the statement with an appeal to [[Educational institution|educational institutions]], [[Media (communication)|media]], [[Government agency|authorities]] and all [[Citizenship|citizens]] to reconsider the German term "Rasse" and emphasise genetic diversity and humanity instead of artificial and harmful categorisations.

== Impact ==
In Germany, the Declaration had a considerable impact on public debate and [[legislation]], especially on the discussion about removing the term "Rasse" from the German constitution.<ref name="Max Planck Man" /><ref name="Witting-2020" />

The Jena Declaration also led to a number of publications in the field of [[education]] and [[learning]]. In the book "Den Begriff 'Rasse' überwinden: die 'Jenaer Erklärung' in der (Hoch-)Schulbildung" (Overcoming the Concept of Race: The Jena Declaration in (Higher) School Education),<ref>Karl Porges: . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2023, {{ISBN|978-3-7815-6008-6}}, {{doi|10.35468/6008}}.</ref> a variety of ideas and concepts for overcoming the concept of "race" are offered. In this publication, the Jena Declaration serves as an impulse for a nationwide reorientation of (high) school education. Another example is the publication "Die Jenaer Erklärung gegen Rassismus' und ihre Anwendung im Unterricht" (The Jena Declaration against Racism and its Application in the Classroom),<ref>Karl Porges, Uwe Hoßfeld: . Ed.: Thüringer Ministerium für Bildung, Jugend und Sport. Erfurt 2023, {{ISBN|978-3-9821193-7-3}} ([https://bildung.thueringen.de/fileadmin/ministerium/publikationen/Jenaer_Erklaerung_gegen_Rassismus_und_ihre_Anwendung_im_Unterricht.pdf thueringen.de] [PDF]).</ref> which presents concrete examples of the application of the Jena Declaration in the classroom.

IQWiG (The independent Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care) also backs the "Jena Declaration" by ceasing to translate the term "race" as "Rasse" in its evaluations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IQWiG (The independent Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care) |date=2020-02-10 |title=IQWiG supports the "Jena Declaration" {{!}} IQWiG.de |url=https://www.iqwig.de/en/presse/press-releases/press-releases-detailpage_9978.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=IQWiG |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Institute no longer translates the term "race" as "Rasse" in its assessments.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.uni-jena.de/unijenamedia/universitaet/abteilung-hochschulkommunikation/presse/jenaer-erklaerung/jenaer-erklaerung-en.pdf Jena Declaration]''
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350546240_The_Jena_Declaration_Jena_Haeckel_and_the_Question_of_Human_Races_or_Racism_Creates_Races The Jena Declaration: Jena, Haeckel and the Question of Human Races, or, Racism Creates Races]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]]
[[Category:Ethics]]
[[Category:2019 in science]]
[[Category:Jena]]

Jena Declaration - История изменений

Admin: 1 версия импортирована

ru>Primergrey в 15:56, 2 апреля 2024