2600:1700:52C5:E40:EE3C:2AB4:2617:909: moved up reference. deleted repeated sentence.

2025-08-26T19:45:18Z

moved up reference. deleted repeated sentence.

Новая страница

{{Short description|2010 global treaty on biological diversity}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Nagoya Protocol
| long_name = Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity
| image =NagoyaProtocol.svg
| image_width =320 px
| caption = {{legend|#4466cc|Parties}}
{{legend|#66cc44|signed, but not ratified}}
{{legend|#999999|non signatory, but Biological Diversity Convention party}}
{{legend|#dddddd|non signatory, non-Biological Diversity Convention party}}
Besides several member states, the EU is also a party (not on map)
| type = Environmental
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 29 October 2010
| location_signed = Nagoya, Japan
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 12 October 2014
| condition_effective = 50 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =92
| parties =142
| ratifiers =
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity''', also known as the '''Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)''', is a 2010 supplementary agreement to the 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD). Its aim is the implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of [[genetic resources]], thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of [[biodiversity]]. It sets out obligations for its contracting parties to take measures in relation to access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance.

The protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in [[Nagoya]], Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014. {{as of|2025|08}}, it has been ratified by 142 parties, which includes 141 [[UN member states]] and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | website=Convention on Biological Diversity | url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

From a concrete perspective, it gives each country sovereignty rights over its biological resources, making [[biopiracy]] illegal.<ref name=dsmz1/> Concerns have been expressed that the added [[bureaucracy]] and [[legislation]] could be damaging to the monitoring and collection of biodiversity, to conservation, to the international response to infectious diseases, and to research.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" />

==Aims and scope==

The Nagoya Protocol applies to genetic resources that are covered by the CBD, and to the benefits arising from their utilization. The protocol also covers traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources that are covered by the CBD and the benefits arising from its utilization.

Its aim is the implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title= Nagoya Protocol|date= 9 June 2015}}</ref>

==Adoption and ratification==
The protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in [[Nagoya]], Japan, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held from 18 to 29 October 2010<ref name=stratplan2011-2020>{{cite web | title=Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets | website=Convention on Biological Diversity | date=21 January 2020 | url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/ | access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> and entered into force on 12 October 2014.

The parties to the treaty decided in 2016 to consider the inclusion of [[digital sequence information]] (DSI) in the Nagoya framework.<ref>{{cite web |title=DECISION ADOPTED BY THE PARTIES TO THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS AND BENEFIT-SHARING 2/14. Digital sequence information on genetic resource |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/np-mop-02/np-mop-02-dec-14-en.pdf}}</ref> The Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) method, if applied to DSI, would have greatly disrupted the operations of the [[International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration]], in which all data is free and unrestricted.<ref name=":7" /> The multilateral framework for DSI, established in COP 15 (2022), decouples access from benefit-sharing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=Amber Hartman |last2=Freitag |first2=Jens |last3=Lyal |first3=Christopher H. C. |last4=Sara |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Cepeda |first5=Martha Lucia |last6=Cancio |first6=Ibon |last7=Sett |first7=Scarlett |last8=Hufton |first8=Andrew Lee |last9=Abebaw |first9=Yemisrach |last10=Bansal |first10=Kailash |last11=Benbouza |first11=Halima |last12=Boga |first12=Hamadi Iddi |last13=Brisse |first13=Sylvain |last14=Bruford |first14=Michael W. |last15=Clissold |first15=Hayley |last16=Cochrane |first16=Guy |last17=Coddington |first17=Jonathan A. |last18=Deletoille |first18=Anne-Caroline |last19=García-Cardona |first19=Felipe |last20=Hamer |first20=Michelle |last21=Hurtado-Ortiz |first21=Raquel |last22=Miano |first22=Douglas W. |last23=Nicholson |first23=David |last24=Oliveira |first24=Guilherme |last25=Bravo |first25=Carlos Ospina |last26=Rohden |first26=Fabian |last27=Seberg |first27=Ole |last28=Segelbacher |first28=Gernot |last29=Shouche |first29=Yogesh |last30=Sierra |first30=Alejandra |last31=Karsch-Mizrachi |first31=Ilene |last32=da Silva |first32=Jessica |last33=Hautea |first33=Desiree M. |last34=da Silva |first34=Manuela |last35=Suzuki |first35=Mutsuaki |last36=Tesfaye |first36=Kassahun |last37=Tiambo |first37=Christian Keambou |last38=Tolley |first38=Krystal A. |last39=Varshney |first39=Rajeev |last40=Zambrano |first40=María Mercedes |last41=Overmann |first41=Jörg |title=Multilateral benefit-sharing from digital sequence information will support both science and biodiversity conservation |journal=Nature Communications |date=23 February 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1086 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28594-0|pmid=35197464 |pmc=8866420 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1086S |hdl=10810/57906 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Obligations==
The Nagoya Protocol sets out obligations for its contracting parties to take measures in relation to access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Access obligations===
Domestic-level access measures aim to:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Create legal certainty, clarity, and [[transparency (behavior)|transparency]]
* Provide fair and non-arbitrary rules and procedures
* Establish clear rules and procedures for prior informed consent and mutually agreed on terms
* Provide for issuance of a permit or equivalent when access is granted
* Create conditions to promote and encourage research contributing to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
* Pay due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten human, animal, or plant health
* Consider the importance of genetic resources for food and agriculture for food security

===Benefit-sharing obligations===
Domestic-level benefit-sharing measures aim to provide for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources with the contracting party providing genetic resources. Utilization includes research and development on the genetic or biochemical composition of genetic resources, as well as subsequent applications and commercialization. Sharing is subject to mutually agreed terms. Benefits may be monetary or non-monetary such as royalties and the sharing of research results.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Compliance obligations===
Specific obligations to support compliance with the domestic legislation or regulatory requirements of the contracting party providing genetic resources, and contractual obligations reflected in mutually agreed terms, are a significant innovation of the Nagoya Protocol.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Contracting parties are to:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Take measures providing that genetic resources utilized within their jurisdiction have been accessed in accordance with prior informed consent, and that mutually agreed terms have been established, as required by another contracting party
* Cooperate in cases of an alleged violation of another contracting party's requirements
* Encourage contractual provisions on dispute resolution in mutually agreed terms
* Ensure an opportunity is available to seek recourse under their legal systems when disputes arise from mutually agreed terms (MAT)
* Take measures regarding access to justice
* Monitor the use of genetic resources after they leave a country by designating effective checkpoints at every stage of the value chain: research, development, innovation, pre-commercialization, or commercialization

==Implementation==
[[File:National-biodiversity-strategy-align-with-aichi-target-9 (OWID 0646).png|thumb|National biodiversity strategies that align with Aichi Target 9 (invasive species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to prevent their introduction and establishment)]]
The Nagoya Protocol's success will require effective implementation at the domestic level. A range of tools and mechanisms provided by the Nagoya Protocol will assist contracting parties including:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Establishing national focal points (NFPs) and competent national authorities (CNAs) to serve as contact points for information, grant access, or compliance
* An Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House to share information, such as domestic regulatory ABS requirements or information on NFPs and CNAs
* Capacity-building to support key aspects of implementation.

Based on a country's self-assessment of national needs and priorities, capacity-building may help to:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Develop domestic ABS legislation to implement the Nagoya Protocol
* Negotiate mutually-agreed terms
* Develop in-country research capability and institutions
* Raise awareness
* Transfer technology
* Target financial support for capacity-building and development initiatives through the GEF

=== European Union ===
The European Union has ratified a European Nagoya Protocol regulation to implement the Protocol.<ref name=dsmz1>{{cite web |title=Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol |url=https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol |website=www.dsmz.de}}</ref>
* Scientists must file an unsolicited Due Diligence Declaration to national authorities when a biological resource is used in connection to a funded research project. The declaration promises to obey the Nogoya-related laws.
* Suppliers of biological resources such as [[DSMZ]] can certify that a resource is "Nagoya compliant" and provide information that can be used to fill the Due Diligence Declaration.
* Collection of a biological resource (e.g. live cells) need prior informed consent (PIC) and mutually agreed terms (MAT) documentation from National Focal Point and/or Competent National Authorities in the place of collection. Moving it to a different country requires a material transfer agreement (MTA) stating the purpose and restrictions of the transfer. If a researcher aims to deposit in a cultural collection, it should be communicated in the MTA that secondary distribution according to the MTA of the collection is allowed. A compliant culture collection such as DSMZ will check for all of these documentation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Strain Deposit |url=https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol/strain-deposit |website=www.dsmz.de}}</ref>

==Relationship to other international agreements==
A growing number of [[Preferential trading area|Preferential Trade Agreements]] (PTAs) include provisions related to access to genetic resources or to the sharing of the benefits that arise out of their utilization. Indeed, some recent trade agreements, originating notably from Latin American countries, provide specific measures designed to facilitate the implementation of the ABS provisions contained in the Nagoya Protocol, including measures related to technical assistance, transparency and dispute settlement.<ref>Jean-Frédéric Morin and Mathilde Gauquelin, Trade Agreements as Vectors for the Nagoya Protocol's Implementation, CIGI papers, no 115, 2016, http://www.chaire-epi.ulaval.ca/sites/chaire-epi.ulaval.ca/files/publications/paper_no.115.pdf</ref>

==Criticism==
However, there are concerns that the added bureaucracy and legislation will, overall, be damaging to the monitoring and collection of biodiversity, to conservation, to the international response to infectious diseases, and to research.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|website=www.sciencemag.org|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref>

Many scientists have voiced concern over the protocol, fearing the increased [[red tape]] will hamper disease prevention and conservation efforts. Developing countries have refused to issue permits for basic biodiversity research unrelated to bioprospecting, even prosecuting the scientist in some cases.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844|title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018|doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28|last1= Prathapan|first1= K. Divakaran|last2= Pethiyagoda|first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360|issue= 6396|pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970|bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106|hdl-access= free}}</ref> Scientists worry that threats of possible imprisonment of scientists will have a chilling effect on research.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title= Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|year= 2014|doi= 10.1038/514014a|last1= Cressey|first1= Daniel|journal= Nature|volume= 514|issue= 7520|pages= 14–15|pmid= 25279894|bibcode= 2014Natur.514...14C|s2cid= 4457904|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Non-commercial biodiversity researchers and institutions such as [[natural history museum]]s fear maintaining biological reference collections and exchanging material between institutions will become difficult.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1|title= The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections|journal= BioScience|date= June 2015|volume= 65|issue= 6|pages= 543–550|doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056|last1= Watanabe|first1= Myrna E.}}{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Museums have reservations about loaning out to developing countries for fear that the return "transfer" will not be approved.<ref name=":7"/>

The bilateral transfer framework of the Nagoya Protocol also has low throughput. In comparison, the [[International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture]] has a multilateral access/transfer framework via the Standard Material Transfer Agreement, allowing 8500 transfers every week.<ref name=":7"/> This is different from Article 10 of the Nagoya Protocol, which asks for a multilateral benefit-sharing framework, which has been continuously "revisited" without an actual implementation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Unit |first1=Biosafety |title=Global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism |url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/art10.shtml |website=www.cbd.int |language=en |date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

Lack of implementation at the national level was frequently attributed as a major factor behind the failure of Nagoya Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dunne |first1=Daisy |last2=Greenfield |first2=Patrick |date=2024-10-15 |title=COP16: More than 85% of countries miss UN deadline to submit nature pledges |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop16-countries-miss-un-deadline-to-submit-nature-pledges/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture]]
* [[Bermuda Principles]]
* [[Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety]], another supplementary protocol adopted by the CBD
* [[High Seas Treaty|High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)]]
* [[International Year of Biodiversity]]
* [[WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge|WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=David | last2=da Silva | first2=Manuela | last3=Jackson | first3=Julian | last4=Lyal | first4=Christopher | title=Explanation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing and its implication for microbiology | journal=Microbiology | publisher=Microbiology Society | volume=163 | issue=3 | date=1 March 2017 | issn=1350-0872 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.000425 | pages=289–296| pmid=28086069 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Golan | first1=Jacob | last2=Athayde | first2=Simone | last3=Olson | first3=Elizabeth | last4=McAlvay | first4=Alex | title=Intellectual Property Rights and Ethnobiology: An Update to Posey's Call to Action | journal=Journal of Ethnobiology | publisher=Society of Ethnobiology | volume=39 | issue=1 | date=3 April 2019 | issn= 0278-0771 | doi=10.2993/0278-0771-39.1.90 | pages=90–109 | s2cid=198150482 }}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|About the Nagoya Protocol}} (CBD website)
* {{cite web |title=Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity: Nagoya, 29 October 2010 |series=Chapter XXVII: Environment |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-8-b&chapter=27&clang=_en}}

{{Pollution}}

[[Category:2010 in Japan]]
[[Category:Anti-biopiracy treaties]]
[[Category:Biopiracy]]
[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:History of Nagoya]]
[[Category:Traditional knowledge]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2010]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2014]]
[[Category:Treaties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belarus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Benin]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Botswana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Treaties of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burundi]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of France]]
[[Category:Treaties of Gabon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of Hungary]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Laos]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mali]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sudan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eswatini]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into by the European Union]]
[[Category:Environmental treaties]]
[[Category:United Nations treaties]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Convention on Biological Diversity]]

Nagoya Protocol - История изменений

Admin: 1 версия импортирована

2600:1700:52C5:E40:EE3C:2AB4:2617:909: moved up reference. deleted repeated sentence.

← Предыдущая версия		Версия от 18:01, 13 ноября 2025
(нет различий)