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ru>Chris the speller: /* Blood group genotyping versus Red cell genotyping */ replaced: serologically-defined → serologically defined

2025-08-10T14:24:58Z

Blood group genotyping versus Red cell genotyping: replaced: serologically-defined → serologically defined

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{{short description|Laboratory process}}
'''Red cell genotyping''',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Avent ND |title=Molecular genetic methods: principles and feasibility in transfusion medicine |journal=Vox Sang |volume=74 Suppl 2|year= 1998|doi= 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1998.tb05432.x|pmid=9704457| pages=275–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Anstee DJ |title=Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing |journal=Blood |volume=114|issue=2|year= 2009|doi= 10.1182/blood-2008-11-146860|pmid=19411635| pages=248–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Flegel WA, Gottschall JL, Denomme GA |title=Integration of red cell genotyping into the blood supply chain: a population-based study |journal=Lancet Haematol |volume=2|issue=7|year= 2015|doi= 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00090-3|pmid=26207259| pages=e282–9|pmc=4508019}}</ref> also known as [[Blood type#Blood group genotyping|blood group genotyping]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=McCracken AA, Daly PA, Zolnick MR, Clark AM |title=Twins and Q-banded chromosome polymorphisms |journal=Hum Genet |volume=45|issue=3|year= 1978|doi= 10.1007/BF00278724|pmid=570167| pages=253–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Franco RF, Simões BP, Guerreiro JF, Santos SE, Zago MA |title=Molecular bases of the ABO blood groups of Indians from the Brazilian Amazon region |journal=Vox Sang |volume=67|issue=3|year= 1994|doi= 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb01255.x|pmid=7863630| pages=299–301}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee S |title=Molecular basis of Kell blood group phenotypes |journal=Vox Sang |volume=73|issue=1|year= 1997|doi= 10.1046/j.1423-0410.1997.7310001.x|pmid=9269063| pages=1–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Flegel WA, Wagner FF, Muller TH, Gassner C |title=Rh phenotype prediction by DNA typing and its application to practice |journal=Transfus Med |volume=8|issue=4|year= 1998|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3148.1998.00173.x|pmid=9881423| pages=281–302}}</ref> is a [[Molecular biology#Techniques of molecular biology|molecular technique]] used to identify genetic variants responsible for [[antigens]] on the surface of red blood cells.

==Genotyping in transfusion medicine==
Unlike traditional [[serological testing]], which relies on the presence of [[antibodies]] to detect [[antigens]], [[genotyping]] analyzes [[DNA]] to determine an individual's [[blood group]] profile with high accuracy. This approach is particularly valuable in complex [[Blood transfusion|transfusion]] cases, such as in patients with multiple alloantibodies, [[hemoglobinopathies]], or recent transfusions that can obscure serological results. Red cell genotyping enhances transfusion safety by enabling precise donor-recipient matching, reducing the risk of [[alloimmunization]], and improving outcomes for patients requiring chronic transfusions, such as [[sickle cell disease]] and [[thalassemia]].

[[Image:Red cell genotyping by real-time PCR.jpg|thumb|right|
''Red cell genotyping by real-time PCR'': Duffy blood group system (FY) genotyping showing the melting peaks at 63°C for 3 homozygous Fy(a−b+) samples (orange), 69°C for 3 homozygous Fy(a+b−) samples (green), and 3 heterozygous Fy(a+b+) samples (blue).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wagner FF, Flegel WA, Bittner R, Döscher A|title=Molecular typing for blood group antigens within 40 min by direct polymerase chain reaction from plasma or serum |journal=Br J Haematol |volume=176|issue=5|year= 2017|doi= 10.1111/bjh.14469|pmid=27991657| pages=814-821}}</ref>]]

The [[Genetic testing|molecular testing]] of [[red cell antigens]] is often handled in conjunction with [[platelet]] and [[neutrophil]] antigens by professional organizations, such as the [[International Society of Blood Transfusion]] (ISBT)<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology |url=https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html |website=ISBT}}</ref> and the Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies ([[AABB]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Standards for Molecular Testing for Red Cell, Platelet, and Neutrophil Antigens |url=https://www.aabb.org/standards-accreditation/standards/molecular-testing-for-red-cell-platelet-and-neutrophil-antigens |website=AABB}}</ref>

==Blood group genotyping versus Red cell genotyping==
Blood group genotyping refers to the analysis of [[Blood type|blood group antigens]] that are presented on the [[red blood cell#Membrane composition|red cell membrane]]. These antigens are caused by
# proteins integrated in the membrane,
# carbohydrate components of [[glycoproteins]] and [[glycolipids]],
# proteins anchored via the [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol]] (GPI)-linker,
# variants of the GPI-linker itself.
As of June 2025, a total of 398 red cell antigens have been officially recognized by the [[International Society of Blood Transfusion|ISBT]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gassner C, Castilho L, Chen Q, Clausen FB, Denomme GA, Flegel WA, Gleadall N, Hellberg Å, Ji Y, Keller MA, Lane WJ, Ligthart P, Lomas-Francis C, Nogues N, Olsson ML, Peyrard T, Storry JR, Tani Y, Thornton N, van der Schoot E, Veldhuisen B, Wagner F, Weinstock C, Wendel S, Westhoff C, Yahalom V, Hyland CA |title=International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology Report of Basel and three virtual business meetings: Update on blood group systems |journal=Vox Sang |volume=117|issue=11|year= 2022|doi= 10.1111/vox.13361|pmid=36121188| pages=1332-1344|pmc=10680040}}</ref> Of these, 371 antigens are organized into 48 distinct [[human blood group systems]]. The remaining 27 serologically defined antigens have not yet been assigned to a blood group system. These include:
*The 200 series (the Collections) contains 9 antigens that are biochemically, genetically or serologically similar, but whose genetic basis has not yet been discovered.

*The 700 Series contains 16 antigens that do not fit into any system or collection and have an incidence of less than 1% across all human ethnic populations.

*The 901 Series contains 2 antigens that also cannot be included in any system or collection and have an incidence of more than 90% across all human ethnic populations.

Red cell genotyping is preferred over blood group genotyping because it includes all antigens found on the [[red blood cell#Membrane composition|red cell membrane]], not just those officially recognized as blood group antigens.

==See also==
* [[Blood type]]
* [[Blood transfusion]]
* [[Blood compatibility testing]]
* [[ABO blood group system]]
* [[Rh factor testing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Transfusion medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Blood]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]
[[Category:Antigens]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2025}}

Red cell genotyping - История изменений

Admin: 1 версия импортирована

ru>Chris the speller: /* Blood group genotyping versus Red cell genotyping */ replaced: serologically-defined → serologically defined